Investment in RESEARCH plays a major role in the world today. Developed countries try to increase investments in RESEARCH in order to stabilize their position in the worlds competitive economy. And the developing countries do so to attain an adequate level of development to solve their economic and social problems. Investment in agriculture and natural resources is particularly important as this sector plays a key role in overcoming many of the problems raised from population growth, poverty and environmental crisis.The present article reviews and compares the RESEARCH funds in Iran and selected countries, including a comparison of agricultural RESEARCH funds and the funds allocated to academic RESEARCH PROGRAMs in Iran and the similar public (not priviate) investments in selected countries.

About half a century has passed from the time that fluoridated milk, was first used in Europe to reduce dental caries flouridated milk, containing 1000 ppm F, has been considered as an alternative method for water fluoridation. Its use was also justified physiologically and toxicologically.Based on many animal & human studies, there is no or minimal disturbances in bioavailability of fluoride due to the milk constituents.The required concentration of fluoride in milk, recently by WHO, varies during the day, depending mainly on the age of children and also fluoride content of drinking water.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the evolution of Douglass Cecil North's RESEARCH PROGRAM. Our study indicates his plan has been directed by this question: What are the effective factors on the success or the failure of the economies and why the performances of economies are so different? Realizing the strong effect of institutions on economic performance, in 1970s North conducts several studies about institutions, economic growth and change. However, because of his reliance on the tool box of neoclassic economics, he could not explain the inefficiency of institutions which govern the economies worldwide. Therefore he abandons the idea of efficient institutions, substitutes the assumption of bounded rationality for instrumental rationality, follows the concept of path dependence, and presents a model to explain inefficient institutions and weak economic performance. In subsequent decades North tends in a gradual manner to cognitive science, goes beyond the assumption of bounded rationality, and instead of emphasizing on the computational aspect of cognition emphasizes on the connectionist aspect of cognition. North believes it is the ideologies of the individuals that, during years and in a cumulative way, determine the individual choice and the path of the evolution of economic systems. Therefore, without understanding the process of cognition, it is not possible to obtain a correct understanding of economic changes.

It is true that in a knowledge society one way of measuring the science is to look at the amount of scientific articles produced. Yet, to achieve the status of such society, one cannot rely on a policy of merely increasing the number of articles. In a knowledge society, the production of an article is the result of realization of knowledge and its permeating the fabric of the society. Such production, then, should not be conflated as the cause or be thought of as identical to knowledge itself. The knowledge society is ruled by a form or an aspect of science and what is produced, as books and articles, is the abstract manifestation of an active science which exists in society.Planning is necessary for realization of a knowledge society. One must not, nonetheless, follow other societies while wearing blindfolds. Because educational and RESEARCH planning must be suitable with a nation’s cultural and historical conditions. And RESEARCH priorities should be devised carefully to meet the needs of the society. In planning science and RESEARCH, it is also necessary to consider the permissive capacity of a society for absorbing science and to regard the academia’s readiness for abandoning the seclusion of scientific rehearsals.